A LITERARY REVIEW OF HORMONAL INHIBITORS TREATMENT IN GENDER-INCONGRUENT CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Main Article Content

Cassius Assunção Martins

Abstract

Objective: to debate the impacts that current evidence may have on the use of hormonal blockers in minors diagnosed with Gender Incongruence. Data Source: a systematic review of the literature on “Gender Dysphoria” was carried out between 1961 to 2013, consisting of 11 journals taken from the PubMed digital repository, two literary sources and a dissertation. The method of analysis adopted was hypothetical-deductive and the systematic review, meta-analyses. Data Summary: it was found from a sample of 511 children and adolescents, for 52 years, only 98 (19%) persisted with dysphoric symptoms in adulthood without the administration of puberty blockers, while those based on hormonal suppression had a 100% rate. Discussion: the hormonal inhibitors administering by GNHRa may theoretically be inducing the persistence of gender incongruence and its long-term effects are unknown to science. Since there is no scientific consensus on the product in children and adolescents.

Article Details

How to Cite
MARTINS, C. A. A LITERARY REVIEW OF HORMONAL INHIBITORS TREATMENT IN GENDER-INCONGRUENT CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. Conjuncture Bulletin (BOCA), Boa Vista, v. 9, n. 25, p. 62–69, 2022. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5813252. Disponível em: https://revista.ioles.com.br/boca/index.php/revista/article/view/531. Acesso em: 22 jul. 2024.
Section
Essays

References

APA - American Psychiatric Association. Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais: DSM-5. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2014.

BAKWIN, H. “Deviant gender-role behavior in children: Relation to homosexuality”. Pediatrics, vol. 41, n. 3, 1968.

BIGGS, M. “Puberty blockers and suicidality in adolescents suffering from gender dysphoria”. Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 49, 2020.

COHEN‐KETTENIS, P. T.; DELEMARRE‐VAN, H.A.; GOOREN, L.J.G. “The Treatment of Adolescent Transsexuals: Changing Insights”. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 5, n. 8, 2008.

COHEN-KETTENIS, P. T.; STEENSMA, T. D.; DE VRIES, A. L. “Treatment of adolescents with gender dysphoria in the Netherlands”. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, vol. 20, n. 4, 2011.

D’ANGELO, R. et al. “One Size Does Not Fit All: In Support of Psychotherapy for Gender Dysphoria”. Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 50, n. 1, 2021.

DAVENPORT, C. W. “A follow-up study of 10 feminine boys”. Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 16, n. 6, 1986.

DE VRIES, A. L. “Challenges in Timing Puberty Suppression for Gender-Nonconforming Adolescents”. Pediatrics, vol. 146, n. 4, 2020.

DE VRIES, A. L.; STEENSMA, T. D.; DORELEIJERS, T. A.; COHEN‐KETTENIS, P. T. “Puberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: A prospective follow‐up study”. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 8, n. 8, 2011.

DELEMARRE-VAN, H. A.; COHEN-KETTENIS, P. T. “Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents: a protocol on psychological and paediatric endocrinology aspects”. European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 155, 2006.

DRUMMOND, K. D. et al. “A follow-up study of girls with gender identity disorder”. Developmental psychology, vol. 44, n. 1, 2008.

GIORDANO, S. “Gender atypical organisation in children and adolescents: ethico-legal issues and a proposal for new guidelines”. The International Journal of Children's Rights, vol. 15, n. 3, 2007.

GIOVANARDI, G. “Buying time or arresting development? The dilemma of administering hormone blockers in trans children and adolescents”. Porto Biomedical Journal, vol. 2, n. 5, 2017.

GREEN, R. The "sissy boy syndrome" and the development of homosexuality. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1987.

GREEN, R.; MONEY, J. “Effeminacy in prepubertal boys: Summary of eleven cases and recommendations for case management”. Pediatrics, vol. 27, n. 2, 1961.

HEMBREE, W. C. “Guidelines for pubertal suspension and gender reassignment for transgender adolescents”. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, vol. 20, n. 4, 2011.

HRUZ, P. W.; MAYER, L. S.; MCHUGH, P. R. “Growing pains: problems with puberty suppression in treating gender dysphoria. The New Atlantis, June, 2017.

KLINK, D. et al. “Bone mass in young adulthood following gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment and cross-sex hormone treatment in adolescents with gender dysphoria”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 100, n. 2, 2015.

KORTE, A. et al. “Gender identity disorders in childhood and adolescence: currently debated concepts and treatment strategies”. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, vol. 105, n. 48, 2008.

KOSKY, R.J. “Gender‐disordered children: does inpatient treatment help?” Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 146, n. 11, 1987.

LEBOVITZ, P.S. “Feminine behaviour in boys: Aspects of its outcome”. American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 28, n. 10, 1972.

LIBERATI A. et al. “The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration”. PLoS Medicine, vol. 6, n. 7, 2009.

MILROD, C. “How young is too young: ethical concerns in genital surgery of the transgender MTF adolescent”. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 11, n. 2, 2014.

MONEY, J.; RUSSO, A.J. “Homosexual outcome of discordant gender identity/role in childhood: Longitudinal follow-up”. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, vol. 41, n. 1, 1979.

PILGRIM, D.; ENTWISTL, K. “GnRHa (‘Puberty Blockers’) and Cross Sex Hormones for Children and Adolescents: Informed Consent, Personhood and Freedom of Expression”. The New Bioethics, vol. 26, n. 3, 2020.

RICHARDS, C.; MAXWELL J.; McCUNE, N. “Use of puberty blockers for gender dysphoria: a momentous step in the dark”. Arch Dis Child, vol. 104, 2019.

SADJADI, S. “The endocrinologist’s office — puberty suppression: Saving children from a natural disaster?” Journal of Medical Humanities, vol. 34, n. 2, 2013.

SIERRA, M. C. “Menores transgénero en el Reino Unido: Polémica por la investigación sobre bloqueadores puberales”. Revista Clínica Contemporánea, vol. 10, n. 25, 2019.

SINGH, D. A follow-up study of boys with gender identity disorder (Master´s Thesis). Toronto: University of Toronto; 2012.

SEGM - Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine. “Sweden's Karolinska Ends the Use of Puberty Blockers for <16: New policy statement from the Karolinska Hospital”. SEGM [05/05/2021]. 2021. Retrieved from: <https://segm.org>. Access in: 07/05/2021.

STEENSMA, T. D. et al. “Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: a quantitative follow-up study”. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 52, n. 6, 2013.

VAZ, J. L. D. “Questões epistemológicas fundamentais na investigação em gestão: o método hipotético dedutivo”. Estudos de Gestão, vol. 4, n. 2, 1998.

VLOT, M. C. et al. “Effect of pubertal suppression and cross-sex hormone therapy on bone turnover markers and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) in transgender adolescents”. Bone, vol. 95, 2017.

WALLIEN, M. S.; COHEN-KETTENIS, P. T. “Psychosexual outcome of gender-dysphoric children”. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 47, n. 12, 2008.

WHO - World Health Organization. “International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics: (ICD: 11th Revision)”. WHO [05/2021]. Retrieved from: <https://icd.who.int>. Access in: 08/31/2021.

ZUGER, B. “Early effeminate behavior in boys: Outcome and significance for homosexuality”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 172, n. 2, 1984.

ZUGER, B. “Effeminate behaviour present in boys from childhood: Ten additional years of follow-up”. Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 19, n. 4, 1978.