CRIME AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP USING THE GRANGER METHOD

Main Article Content

Paulo Ricardo Prates Boitrago
Luciana Maria Costa Cordeiro
Tania Marta Maia Fialho

Abstract

This study analyzes the relationship between cargo theft and macroeconomic variables in Brazil from 2004 to 2018, focusing on GDP, inflation, unemployment, and public education spending. It also considers events such as the expansion of the Bolsa Família program, the 2008 financial crisis, the 2014 political crisis, and the 2018 truck drivers’ strike. The methodology includes the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Granger Causality Tests, and Impulse Response Functions. Data were collected from public sources and analyzed using time series econometrics. Results show Granger causality from GDP to cargo theft and prices, and that increases in education spending gradually reduce such crimes. The study concludes that crime negatively affects economic growth and that education has a mitigating effect on theft in the logistics sector.

Article Details

How to Cite
BOITRAGO, P. R. P. .; CORDEIRO, L. M. C. .; FIALHO, T. M. M. CRIME AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP USING THE GRANGER METHOD. Conjuncture Bulletin (BOCA), Boa Vista, v. 23, n. 67, p. 97–116, 2025. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15787879. Disponível em: https://revista.ioles.com.br/boca/index.php/revista/article/view/7386. Acesso em: 31 aug. 2025.
Section
Articles

References

ADEKOYA, A. F.; NOR, A. A. R. “The dynamic relationship between crime and economic growth in Nigeria”. International Journal of Management and Economics, vol. 53, n. 1, 2021.

BECCARIA, C. Des délits et des peines. Paris: Flammarion, 1991.

BECKER, G. S. “Crime and punishment: An economic approach”. In: BECKER, G. S.; LANDES, W. M. (orgs.). Essays in the Economics of Crime and Punishment. London: NBER, 1974.

BECKER, G. S. “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”. Journal of Political Economy, vol. 76, n. 2, 1968.

BECKER, G. S. “Irrational Behavior and Economic Theory”. Journal of Political Economy, vol. 70, n. 1, 1962.

BECKER, G. S. “Nobel Lecture: The Economic Way of Looking at Behavior”. Journal of Political Economy, vol. 101, n. 3, 1993.

BLEJER, M. I.; GUERRERO, I. “The impact of macroeconomic policies on income distribution: An empirical study of the Philippines”. Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 72, n. 3, 1990.

CALDAS, T. U. et al. “Construção de indicadores da violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes: um estudo de processos judiciais”. Boletim de Conjuntura (BOCA), vol. 14, n. 42, 2023.

CARMO, S. R.; MATOS, A. K. P. “Reexaminando o Tren de Aragua e sua expansão na América Latina”. Boletim de Conjuntura (BOCA), vol. 20, n. 60, 2024.

CHEN, S-W. “Investigating causality among unemployment, income and crime in Taiwan: Evidence from the bounds test approach”. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, vol. 7, n. 1, 2023.

DETOTTO, C.; OTRANTO, E. “Does crime affect economic growth?” Kyklos, vol. 63, n. 3, 2010.

DICKEY, D. A.; FULLER, W. A. “Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root”. Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 74, n. 366, 1972.

DONOHUE, J.; LEVITT, S. “The impact of legalized abortion on crime”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 116, n. 2, 2001.

EHRLICH, I. “Participation in illegitimate activities: A theoretical and empirical investigation”. The Journal of Political Economy, vol. 81, n. 3, 1973.

ENGLE, R.; GRANGER, C. “Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing”. Econometrica, vol. 55, n. 2, 1987.

FIRJAN. “O impacto econômico do roubo de cargas no estado do Rio de Janeiro”. FIRJAN [2019]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 23/05/2025.

FÓRUM BRASILEIRO DE SEGURANÇA. 11º Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. São Paulo: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública, 2017. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 23/05/2025.

FÓRUM BRASILEIRO DE SEGURANÇA. 9º Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. São Paulo: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública, 2014. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 23/05/2025.

FULLER, W. A. Introduction to statistical time series. New York: Wiley, 1996.

IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia E Estatística. Sistema nacional de índices de preços ao consumidor. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2018. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 12/05/2025.

IPEA - Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Os arranjos institucionais dos investimentos em infraestrutura no Brasil: uma análise sobre seis grandes projetos do Programa de Aceleração de Crescimento. Brasília: Ipea, 2019. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 12/05/2025.

JOHANSEN, S. “Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors”. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, vol. 12, n. 2, 1988.

JOHANSEN, S.; JUSELIUS, K. “Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration – with applications to the demand for Money”. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 52, n. 2, 1990.

LOMBROSO, C. O homem delinquente. São Paulo: Editora Ícone, 2007.

MACHIN, S.; MEGHIR, C. Crime and economic incentives. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies and Centre for Economic Performance, 2001.

MACKINNON, J. G. “Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, vol. 11, n. 6, 1996.

MACKINNON, J. G.; HAUG, A. A.; MICHELIS, L. “Numerical distribution functions of likelihood ratio tests for cointegration”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, vol. 14, n. 5, 1999.

ROMÁN, M. P. D.; LARA, O. P.; MINCHEL, M. C. J. “Alternative reflections on the treatment of violence and crime in Latin America: the prevention of crime as a strategy”. Social Medicine, vol. 12, n. 2, 2019.

SINESP - Sistema Nacional de Informações de Segurança Pública. Ocorrências Criminais – SINESP. Brasília: SINESP, 2020. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 12/05/2025.

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. Global study on homicide 2013: trends, contexts. Viena: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2014. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 12/04/2025.

URANI, A. “Crescimento e geração de emprego e renda no Brasil”. Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, vol. 35, 1995.

WAGNER, A. K. et al. “Análise de regressão segmentada de estudos de séries temporais interrompidas em pesquisa de uso de medicamentos”. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, vol. 27, 2002.

WORLD BANK. Urban crime and violence prevention: Structured Learning. Washington: World Bank, 2018. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 12/05/2025.

Most read articles by the same author(s)