ART, PROFESSION AND TECHNOLOGY: THE STRIKES IN HOLLYWOOD IN 2023

Main Article Content

Jefferson Dantas

Abstract

This research discusses the strikes taking place in Hollywood in 2023, focusing on working conditions and high technology (streaming platforms and artificial intelligence) in film studios in California. A relevant topic for understanding the relationship between art, profession and technology. The methodology is based on the analysis of documents and websites of the strike groups and on media coverage of this phenomenon. The interpretation is made by authors from different areas of knowledge who evaluated the tense connection between cultural production and technology. We have provisionally concluded: job insecurity, exemplified by low wages, vexatious working conditions, uncertain financial remuneration from streaming services, short deadlines for the development of tasks and a deficient work structure. The deepening of artificial intelligence and a certain professional insecurity represented by the development of machinic texts and digital replicas threatening both categories. It also adds the importance of collective struggle as a possibility of reversing the excessive use of this technology, drawing society's attention to the way in which new technologies have redefined the world of labor.

Article Details

How to Cite
DANTAS, J. ART, PROFESSION AND TECHNOLOGY: THE STRIKES IN HOLLYWOOD IN 2023. Conjuncture Bulletin (BOCA), Boa Vista, v. 15, n. 45, p. 121–141, 2023. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8330023. Disponível em: https://revista.ioles.com.br/boca/index.php/revista/article/view/2050. Acesso em: 3 jul. 2024.
Section
Essays

References

AJL - Algorithmic Justice League. “We’re leading a cultural movement towards equitable and accountable AI”. AJL [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

AMPTP - Alliance Of Motion Picture And Television Producers. “AMPTP Releases Details of its August 11th Comprehensive Proposal to WGA”. AMPTP [2023b]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

AMPTP - Alliance Of Motion Picture And Television Producers. “What SAG-AFTRA Failed to Mention”. AMPTP [2023a]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

ANDERS, G. La obsolescencia del hombre: sobre la destrucción de la vida en la época de la tercera revolución industrial. Valencia: Editorial Pre-Textos, 2011.

ANUNCIAÇÃO, D. “Caso Elis Regina: o impacto da inteligência artificial na preservação da memória”. Instituto Brasileiro de Direito de Família [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

AWU - Alphabet Workers Union. “Right To A Safe Workplace”. AWU [2020]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

BANKS, M.; HESMONDHALGH, D. “Internationalizing Labor Activism Building Solidarity among Writers’ Guilds”. In: CURTIN, M.; SANSON, K. (eds.). Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor. Oakland: University of California Press, 2016.

BARNES, B. “In Hollywood, the Strikes Are Just Part of the Problem”. The New York Times [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

BATEY, E. “No End in Sight for Writers Strike Following Friday Meeting”. Vanity Fair [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

BHUIYAN, J. “First man wrongfully arrested because of facial recognition testifies as California weighs new bills”. The Guardian [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

BIELDY, D. D. “Gender inequality in culture industries: Women and men writers in film and television”. Sociologie du Travail, vol. 51, n. 2, 2009.

CURTIN, M.; SANSON, K. “Precarious Creativity Global Media, Local Labor”. In: CURTIN, M.; SANSON, K. (eds.). Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor. Oakland: University of California Press, 2016.

DENNING, M. The Cultural Front: the laboring of American culture in the Twentieth Century. New York: Verso, 2007.

DYER-WITHEFORD, N. “Inteligência artificial como condição geral de produção”. In: GROHMANN, R. (org.). Os laboratórios do trabalho digital. São Paulo: Editora Boitempo, 2021.

DYER-WITHEFORD, N.; MATVIYENKO, S. Cyberwar and Revolution: Digital Subterfuge in Global Capitalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019.

FEDERMAN, W. “What Reagan Did for Hollywood”. The Atlantic [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

FISK, C. “Hollywood Writers and the Gig Economy. University of Chicago”. Legal Forum, vol. 8, 2017.

GAULEJAC, V. La société malade de la gestion. Paris: Seuil, 2005.

GROHMANN, R. et al. “Plataformas de fazendas de cliques: condições de trabalho, materialidades e formas de organização”. Galáxia, vol. 47, 2022.

HANDEL, J. Hollywood on strike! An industry at war in the Internet age. Los Angeles: Hollywood Analytics, 2011.

HELMUS, T. C. Artificial Intelligence, Deepfakes, and Disinformation: A Primer. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2022.

HINE, C. Ethnography for the Internet: Embedded, Embodied and veryday. Huntingdon: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.

JIN, D. Y. Artificial Intelligence in Cultural Production: Critical Perspectives on Digital Platforms. London: Routledge, 2021.

KARNAL, L. et al. História dos Estados Unidos: das origens ao século XXI. São Paulo: Editora Contexto, 2007.

KOZINETS, R. Netnografia: Realizando pesquisa etnográfica online. Porto Alegre: Editora Penso, 2014.

MARX, K. Grundrisse: manuscritos econômicos de 1857-1858: esboços da crítica da economia política. São Paulo: Editora Boitempo, 2011.

MASS, J.; OTTERSON, J.; SCHNEIDER, M. “One of the Writers Guild’s Biggest Contract Negotiation Issues Is the ‘Mini Room’ Boom”. Variety [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

MATHEWS, J; NAIRN, A. “Holograms and AI can bring performers back from the dead – but will the fans keep buying it?” The Conversation [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

MCMAHON, J. The Political Economy of Hollywood: Capitalist Power and Cultural Production. New York: Routledge, 2022.

MENGER, P. M. Retrato do artista enquanto trabalhador: metamorfoses do capitalismo. Lisboa: Editora Roma, 2005.

MENGER, P. M. The Economics Of Creativity: Art And Achievement Under Uncertainty. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2014.

RICHWINE, L.; CHMIELEWSKI, D. “‘Plagiarism machines’: Hollywood writers and studios battle over the future of AI”. Reuters [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

ROBB, D. “AMPTP Disputes SAG-AFTRA’s ‘Misleading’ Claims About Last Contract Offer Before Strike Began”. Deadline [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

RUSSEL, S. J. Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach. New York: Prentice Hal, 2009.

SAG-AFTRA - Screen Actors Guild – American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. “SAG-AFTRA Negotiations Status as of July”. SAG-AFTRA [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

SCHEIBER, N. “Google Workers Reject Silicon Valley Individualism in Walkout”. The New York Times [2018]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

TINOCO, A. “Keanu Reeves Calls Out ‘Scary’ Deepfakes and AI Technology”. Deadline [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

WGA - Writers Guild Of America. “The State of the Industry. Despite Wall Street Noise, Entertainment Remains a Profitable Business. Bulletins”. WGA [2023b]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

WGA - Writers Guild Of America. “WGA Negotiations”. WGA [2023a]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

WHITE, A. “Samuel L. Jackson Talks AI, Use of Likeness ‘In Perpetuity’ in Contracts: ‘I Cross That S*** Out’”. The Hollywood Reporter [2023]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10/08/2023.

WOODCOCK, J, CANT, C. “Platform Worker Organising at Deliveroo in the UK: From Wildcat Strikes to Building Power”. Journal of Labor and Society, vol. 25, 2022.

ZUBOFF, S. The age of surveillance capitalism: the fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. New York: Public Affairs, 2019.